A high speed internet connection is a wonderful thing. A door to the world – news, music, email all just a few mouse clicks away. But once again I am here to warn you of the threats that go alongside such delights. This week I want to talk to you about a basic network security hole that has come to my attention recently in Arusha.

Up until recently, an internet connection in Arusha meant a dial up account with an Internet Service Provider (ISP). You paid the ISP a monthly sum for the privilege of connecting to their network, and then you paid TTCL for the telephone calls required to make that connection. Speeds were low – normal phone lines can deliver a maximum connection speed of 56 kilobytes per second, and Tanzania’s phone lines are crackly further limiting this speed. What was available was just about enough for sending simple emails, and slowly browsing the World Wide Web. In the meantime the rest of the world was speeding up with such wonders as ADSL delivering over a hundred times the speed of dial up. These increases in speed meant that web page designers could make their web pages larger. Music and video became more than a dream. Tanzania was getting left behind.

Tanzania’s ISPs could not build the huge infrastructure required for ADSL. But being a resourceful bunch they looked at what technology might be possible in Tanzania to speed up connections. What they found was Ethernet and Wireless LAN. Two systems for transferring data over a distance that could deliver speeds of up to 100 megabytes per second and 11 megabytes per second respectively.

Ethernet and Wireless LAN

Ethernet is commonly known in Arusha as cable. It uses wires and hubs to link up computers across short distances.

You see that funny square mesh antenna poking from the roof of your local internet caf�? That is a Wireless LAN antenna. Wireless LAN uses microwave radio to transmit data between computers.

These two systems are how ISPs in Arusha get the internet into homes and offices at high speeds. The trouble is that these two systems were not designed to join up computers across a city. They were designed to be used within a single office. And this is where the threat I mentioned above comes into play.

Stretching the local

The software used to connect computers across these two systems was designed to allow people in an office to share files and printers. When these systems are used to join together different households and businesses you no longer want to share all of this – but that is exactly what is happening.

Look on your desktop for an icon labelled Network Neighborhood, or My Network Places. Clicking on these opens up the rest of the network to you. Yesterday I had a bit of snoop around a local network. I found 254 computers were visible to me. The office I was in has only five. Those other computers belonged to individuals and businesses across Arusha. What is more worrying was what I might have accessed on those computers. Any folders or printers on those computers that were set up to be shared I could in theory see or use to print out on unless they had been secured with a password. Anyone else on that network could do the same, without using any sneaky methods – simply using the software that comes with Windows. Some computers belong to internet cafes – anyone walking into that internet caf� would have access to private documents and files. This frightening possibility exists right now on a number of networks in Arusha.

What to do

It is easy enough to prevent this from happening. You can turn of file and printer sharing (look up “File and Printer Sharing” in Windows help and on the web for how to do this). But what if your office needs to share files and printers? What you need my friend is a firewall. A firewall is a piece of software or hardware that sits between the computers you own, and the rest of the network. It prevents people from outside accessing anything inside. From the inside you can see out and access the web and email. No one can see in unless you want them too. ZoneAlarm is a free software firewall which can be used on individual computers in order to control who has access to what. For businesses with more than a couple of computers a hardware router will solve these security problems at a cost of around $110. These are available from local computer shops and very easy to set up.

Getting nosy?

Be warned that if you read this and are tempted to have a look at your neighbours’ computers you can be traced – all connections to Windows 2000 and XP computers are logged, and they will give the name of your computer and the IP address from which you connected. Nosy neighbours often get themselves in trouble!

Interesting Web Sites

• www.grc.com/su-explain.htm – page giving information on computer security – also on grc.com is ShieldsUp! which will show you what is visible on your computer to the rest of the world!
• www.zonelabs.com – producers of ZoneAlarm, a personal firewall for securing a single computer.

Originally published in Arusha Times 279

For the past four years, one of the most pleasant benefits of being connected to the internet has been access to an unprecedented quantity of music, all for free. But surely nothing comes for free? In the case of music online, all it costs you is a little patience, the willingness to share files you own, and of course the cost of getting online. This is all thanks to file sharing networks and music storage formats such as MP3.

MP what?

MP3 is a way of storing music so that it takes up less space. The average music CD can hold up to 80 minutes of music – roughly 12 songs. A CD containing MP3 songs could hold 120!

A special player is required to listen to MP3 files. For most people this means listening through a computer rather than a stereo. In other words you will need a sound card and speakers as well as the software. Most computers these days have Windows Media Player installed. This can play MP3 files. Another good player is Winamp.

Some CD players can now play back MP3 files too, but you will need a computer in order to create CDs containing MP3 music.

Rip it up!

If you have music CDs, you can copy the music onto your computer in MP3 format enabling you to share the files online. You will need software called a ripper. Windows Media Player has a ripper built in. With Windows Media Player version 8
or above click on the Copy from CD button to get started. If you use an older version or can’t find the button, consult the help menu.

If you really get into ripping CDs you might want to get hold of a more complex ripper, such as CDEx, which offers more flexibility with the size of the files it makes.

Getting your hands on the tunes

I am sure that what you really want to do is get access to music you don’t already have and that is where the peer to peer file sharing networks kick in. Users of these networks mark which things on their computer they want to share. These files can then be seen by anyone else on that network. Users can search everyone’s files for songs by a specific artist or with a specific title, and then download them to enjoy at their leisure.

File sharing isn’t just about music. It is possible to share and find any kind of file, from software to photos to video. Rumour has it that before the film Matrix Reloaded was released it was possible to download it at DVD quality over some of the file sharing networks. MP3s are particularly suitable for sharing because of their small size – and everybody likes listening to music!

On large networks such as Kazaa and Morpheus it is possible to find almost any tune. Connecting to Kazaa today I found over 700 million files were being shared by over 3 million other users.

Joining these networks is free, but you are expected to share files as well as download them from other people. The required software is also free, although some is funded through the inclusion of annoying spyware and advertising. KazaaLite is a version of the software for connecting to the Kazaa network that has had the adverts removed. This is my favoured sharing programme. Setting it up and getting started is quick and easy. Downloading a five minute song can take as little as ten minutes although this depends on how fast your connection is – for users in Arusha with wireless connections this is certainly attainable. It is possible to download more than one song at a time meaning you can obtain an entire album in the same length of time to hunt around the shops for it. And it is free!

Moral and legal questions

How will musicians get paid if everyone just downloads for free? At present the Recording Industry Association of America has started to investigate people who share music under copyright with a view to taking legal action against them and discourage sharing in general. But surely they can’t sue 3 million people! It seems file sharing is here to stay. Events over the next few months may beat it into a different shape. Perhaps the music industry will have to rethink how it earns money from music too.

Until the situation is resolved individuals have to consider the moral implications of downloading something they haven’t paid for. It is certainly a strong temptation; particularly in Africa where it isn’t likely the copyright police will break down your door. For internet cafes creating audio CDs from downloaded files and selling them to their customers the moral question is even trickier.

Some musicians believe file sharing and the internet gives them good publicity and control of how their work is marketed. Others see it is a genuine threat to their livelihoods. Could file sharing really kill the music?

Interesting Sites

• www.winamp.com – a nice MP3 player
• cdexos.sourceforge.net – The best ripper available, but complicated
• www.zeropaid.com – news and views on file sharing
• www.openp2p.com – Information on other possibilities arising from the file sharing explosion
• www.kazaalite.nl – Ad free file sharing software
• www.eff.org – Electronic Frontier Foundation – campaigners on the rights of file sharers

Originally published in Arusha Times 278